Gis tool and applications

Making it harder to generate maps will hurt efforts to fight disease, illiteracy and poverty in Pakistan. Some notable achievements of GIS in Pakistan are; Pakistan launched the cadastral map of Islamabad to curb land record tampering, ensure monitoring of construction through imagery and provide information about land ownership. The cadastral mapping project was conceived under the vision of the prime minister to transform the old system into a modernized digital online system.

The initiative aims to control the tampering of land records and monitor ongoing construction projects through extensive imagery to provide accurate and updated information about land ownership through a single click, especially for the overseas Pakistanis. The task to digitize the old Patwar system into a modernized one was given to the Survey of Pakistan.

The remote sensing based applications are designed to process large data sets for global applications, analysis and ultimate decision-making. Furthermore, the frequent usage of GIS will provide the public and private sector a mechanism to devise result-oriented solutions based on analysis, leading to improved asset management, resource planning and enhanced service delivery in Punjab. Using GIS and related technologies computer scientist, has been able to check the spread of dengue fever in Lahore.

National Database and Registration Authority NADRA was also introducing a system that would help users get information about projects with just a click, terming technology as the only tool that could defeat land grabbers. Similarly, Many European countries are developing new strategies to improve cadaster management. GIS science and technology offer cadasters a method of quickly accessing and producing maps, leveraging database information, and automating enterprise work processes.

Location and extent of tactical area or incident boundaries point, line, or polygon Plume fire, chemical, etc. Earthquake maps USGS. Incident Command. Analyzing GIS Data. Simple GIS Analysis 1 of 2. Simple GIS Analysis 2 of 2. Proximity to utility lines, especially city water and sewer. Number of residents who live within a certain distance. What type of roads feed into the sites and how much traffic do they have? Does my store site adhere to land use?

Repeatable GIS Analysis 1 of 2. Repeatable GIS Analysis 2 of 2. Repeatable GIS Analysis. Map used with permission from SAVI. Using GIS Data. How to develop good questions for querying GIS. Datasets that can be used when querying GIS. Different types of queries. Ways to analyze queries. Identify a variety of tools and resources to support your GIS needs. List specific applications to which you may apply these tools and resources.

GIS Resources. GIS Resources: Hazus 1 of 2. Hazus Fact Sheet. GIS Resources: Hazus 2 of 2. Hazus Step 1: Analyze Physical Landscape. Hazus Step 2: Identify Hazards. Which buildings would be damaged or destroyed? Which population s would be at risk? Hazus Data 1 of 2. Demographic data from the U. Census Bureau provide estimates of income, population, demographics, occupancies, and housing unit development. Department of Energy DOE data define regional variations in characteristics such as number and size of garages, types of building foundations, and number of stories within a building.

Hazus Data 2 of 2. Contributed and administered by authoritative sources. Hosted on a shared infrastructure. Health of ecosystems and the environment. Natural hazard threats. Natural resources.

Impacts of climate and land-use change. Core science systems that help provide timely, relevant, and useable information. A Geographic Information System GIS is a database system with software that can analyze and display data, in a visual environment, using digitized maps and tables for planning and decisionmaking. Hazus is a GIS program which produces economic loss and social impacts for earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and tsunamis.

GIS provides emergency management personnel and decisionmakers the information they need to make accurate and timely decisions. The topics addressed in this course include: GIS fundamentals and history How GIS is used in emergency management Tools available to enhance GIS usefulness This course is designed for individuals who use GIS to support emergency management mitigation, planning, response, and recovery operations.

After completing the course you should be able to: Define basic GIS terms and concepts. While the course will not promote specific GIS solutions, it will: Provide an overview of the types of technology options that are currently available. Equip you with a list of questions and issues that you should consider when choosing the best solution for your organization. Lesson Description Introduction and Course Overview. Describes procedures for completing this course and presents the course goal, objectives, and topics to be covered.

GIS Fundamentals. Introduces basic information about GIS capabilities. GIS for Emergency Management. Introduces ways that GIS can be used as an aid to emergency management and decision-makers. Introduces the types of queries that are available using GIS and strategies for developing queries.

Course Summary. Summarizes the key points in this course to prepare you for the final exam. Use of GIS dates back to ! John Snow analyzed geographic data to identify the source of a city-wide cholera epidemic in London. He obtained the most accurate city map available, then plotted the known information about the outbreak. Snow knew the addresses of the people who had gotten sick and the dates their symptoms began. He also plotted the locations of known wells.

By analyzing the information on his map, he was able to identify a contaminated well as the origin of the outbreak. Modern-day GIS is:. GIS can be used to generate a wide array of data in a variety of applications. Most people think of GIS in terms of maps because maps are the most familiar way to visualize spatial relationships. GIS is much more than maps, though. GIS relates different types of information in terms of their spatial relationships and reaches conclusions about those relationships.

GIS allows you to create, manipulate, and analyze data in a wide variety of ways. Imagine being able to do all the things that you can do to organize and categorize data in a spreadsheet or database, but also assign coordinates specific points in space to each bit of data. After the data are organized, new relationships among the data can be reviewed on a map. Modify data. Store data. Analyze data. Output information and maps. Distribute data and information.

Each of these functions will be covered in more detail later in this course. GIS also can support detailed operations-level planning, implementation, training, and resources-related tasks necessary to prevent, protect, mitigate, respond, and recover from any disaster. Some GIS applications include:.

FEMA has developed many GIS tools that can help personnel at all government levels as well as those in the private sector and nongovernmental organizations. Some of the tools include:. These and other tools will be covered in more detail in later lessons. There are other GIS resources available to emergency managers that have been developed by public and private sources. Some of these resources include:. GIS capabilities are constantly evolving.

Emergency managers should keep abreast of new tools that may help with any phase of emergency management. You have completed the Introduction and Course Overview lesson.

This lesson presented:. GIS allows you to create an accurate map suitable for specific purposes. GIS allows each layer to be manipulated until the desired map is created. These layers can be viewed in any combination and turned on or off to achieve new combinations or connections with other layers. A typical base map may include:. Searching local, state, and national portals of GIS data for downloading. GIS data can be grouped into two categories: Raster data Vector data There are three types of vector data: Point data Polygon data Line data These data types are described on the next screens.

GIS data can be grouped into one of two categories: Raster data are made up of thousands of individual pixels merged to create a digital image e. The smaller the pixel, the higher or more detailed the resolution of the image becomes. Raster data is best used for continuous information, such as creating surface elevations or showing the differences in rainfall amounts over an area, and imagery. Vector data would be used for applications that require more precision: Property boundaries.

Showing detailed twists and turns, as in streams. Depicting roads or utilities. Identifying exact intersections.

Pinpointing the exact location of an elevation measurement. The U. Census Bureau often releases demographic data in an aggregated form. Line data are used for linear elements such as pipelines. They also may be used to represent simplified versions of features. For example many communities create a road centerline to represent the roads seen on aerial photography. Each road feature segment would include the name of the road and other important information such as it's length, address range, whether it's paved, number of lanes, and road direction.

Each point, line, and polygon area that is used as input data contains information about the feature aside from just its location. These data are dynamically generated and automatically update each time the GIS database is updated with new information. GIS exhibits three main characteristics: Location Temporality Accuracy These characteristics are described on the next screens. GIS Characteristics: Data Quality Data quality refers to the credibility and accuracy of the data, and may be quantitative or qualitative Quantitative refers to the measurable components: Spatial Accuracy of vector data is defined by scale.

The larger the scale, the more accurate the location of any given point in the map is expected to be. Spatial Resolution refers to the cell size in raster data. The smaller the cell size, the more accurate the data.

Data values cell values in raster, database values in vector can be tested for levels of accuracy. The accuracy of digital orthophotography is determined by the underlying DEM that iit is based upon. Its resolution is determined by the level of sophistication of the equipment used to capture it camera, satellite, aircraft, etc. Most orthophotography varies from 1 meter to 6 inch pixels.

The 1-meter pixel is less detailed than the 6-inch imagery and is used for very detailed mapping. Click on this link for examples of how pixel resolution affects resolution. Uses include emergency management, planning, data verification and updates, large-scale analysis, change direction. Smaller file sizes.

Highly pixelated. Uses include emergency management, parcel and utility mapping, data verification and updates. Larger file sizes. Medium pixelated. Uses include detailed project-level infrastructure mapping. Largest file sizes. No Pixilation. Digital orthophotography is used to identify specific features e. The process of creating new layers by tracing on top of the photography is called planimetrics. The image at the right shows how the building outlines have been drawn from the orthophotography.

By creating planimetrics from current orthophotography, analysis and modeling can be facilitated with the data. Without the processing planimetrics, they are only photos. Multiple databases containing a variety of tabular attributes can be joined together and linked to geographic locations as long as there is a unique identifier for each entry that is common to both datasets.

Merging with the second database through the common PropertyID address field yields the address, year built, and value of the land and building improvements. This technique allows linkage among increasing amounts of information to locations on the map. You have completed the GIS Fundamentals lesson. This lesson described how to:. This lesson will introduce ways in which GIS can be used as an aid to emergency management.

Since its development as an automated system, GIS has served emergency management well. GIS can provide the information needed to support decision-making before a disaster. During the early response period, emergency managers use GIS as a key intelligence source for the information they need to make decisions. One of the axioms of geography is that things that are close together are more similar than things that are farther apart.

This axiom forms the basis of powerful spatial statistics tools that allow you to discover and characterize geographic patterns and are described in Statistical analysis , along with standard nonspatial statistical tools, such as minimum, maximum, sum, frequency, mean, and standard deviation. ArcGIS stores data in easily accessible tables, and the majority of workflows involve some sort of table management, such as adding or deleting fields, creating relationships between tables, or creating features from columns containing coordinates.

Table analysis and management describes the basic tools for managing tables. GIS datasets often contain much more data than you need, and a common set of tasks is to reduce or extract data from larger, more complex datasets.